They are more likely to succeed in areas with warm soil temperatures (at least 60F) and no danger of frost for 90 to 100 days after planting. They are highly tolerant of drought and a wide variety of soil conditions, including heavy clay and sandy soils. Soil pH can range from 5.5 to 7. In areas with cooler climates, the plants will tend to be plagued with pests and disease.
Cowpeas can be planted from May to August. The seedpods form in about 60 days and will mature in about 100 days. Therefore in most areas, cowpeas must be planted in May or June.
Plant four to six seeds per foot, 3/4 to 1-1/4 inches deep in rows twenty to thirty six inches apart. Control weeds early in the season with shallow cultivation. Later the peas will shade out most weeds. Avoid cultivation after the plants begin to bloom. Irrigation is normally not necessary; southern peas are renowned for their ability to grow and produce under harsh conditions. Southern peas are self-pollinating with insects, as well as wind, being responsible for moving the pollen to achieve fertilization.